该论文已在赫尔辛基举行的第28届CIMAC大会上发表，论文的版权归CIMAC所有。This paper will include the following: The reasons why a stationary natural gas engine requires a specialty lube oil, how a premium stationary natural gas engine lube oil is formulated with advanced additive technology to increase up-time, the screen testing process used to guide formulation development and the maintenance cost savings that premium oils can provide to the engine operator.

该论文已在赫尔辛基举行的第28届CIMAC大会上发表，论文的版权归CIMAC所有。The objective of this paper is to investigate how ship owners and operators react to a change in the landscape regarding demands in emission levels and how they make the final choice of engine technology to fulfil the same. One hypothesis is that the lifecycle cost of the technology implemented plays a vital role and is the main parameter for the choice. An analysis of different technology options available for reducing NOx and SOx engine emissions has been made regarding implications on the lifecycle cost. The evaluations are based on operating data from ship operators as well as on in-company technology data. These case studies are made for some chosen ship applications and include variations in operating time inside emission control areas (ECA) as well as fuel prices and reduction agents. Furthermore, ship owners and operators in Asia, Australia, and the EU have been interviewed to find out the differences between the markets regarding how the choice of engine emission reduction technology is made and how the ship owners and operators expect the market to develop from an environmental point of view. Different ship applications at different segments and markets are studied to get a wider overview.

该论文已在赫尔辛基举行的第28届CIMAC大会上发表，论文的版权归CIMAC所有。Rudolf Diesel demonstrated his compression ignition engine at the World Fair in Paris in 1900. One year earlier, the first Diesel engine outside of Germany was built under license by the Carels Brothers in Ghent, Belgium. In 1912, this license was brought into the founding of the Anglo Belgian Corporation (ABC). Now ABC is more than 100 years old and it still strongly believes in the need for internal combustion engines. In the old days, the focus was mainly on fuel consumption, but this has changed dramatically. Now, the market asks mainly for higher power output, lower consumption, lower emissions and a diversity of utilized fuels such as bio-fuels, gas, low sulfur heavy fuel, etc. Although this clearly increases the complexity of the engine, a simple engine design with easy maintenance and operation is the key for customer satisfaction. In these conditions, ABC has followed its clients and has a new D36 engine range available with a power output of 650kW/cylinder at 750rpm, for as well marine as power generation applications. This engine is equipped with the latest technology such as common rail, a double stage charging system, exhaust gas recirculation and variable valve timing which results in a low fuel consumption with low emissions.

该论文已在赫尔辛基举行的第28届CIMAC大会上发表，论文的版权归CIMAC所有。Wärtsilä has used verified Virtual Engine Models for years in the product development projects. These modern numerical methods combine flexible multi-body dynamic simulation, non-linear Finite Element method and multi-axial fatigue criterion to predict local stresses under realistic boundary conditions very accurately. These models are verified with intensive field measurements of engines. In addition, we include initial data fields from, i.e., forging, deep rolling and stroke peening simulations. From these encouraging learnings, Wärtsilä would be ready to move forward and make also the classification calculations with these modern methods. Due to the necessity of high reliability, especially regarding large engine crankshafts, on one hand, and also new demands in the sense of efficiency and costs, on the other hand, which can hardly be covered by traditional approaches, it is important to enhance the current rules to go closer to the limits and reach the new targets without losing the stability of these methods. Therefore, the relation between the methods and their results is of interest in order to be able to connect them. This paper reports the principles of creating a full generator set model including an engine with crankshaft.

该论文已在赫尔辛基举行的第28届CIMAC大会上发表，论文的版权归CIMAC所有。This paper focuses on the fundamental test results which were carried out with the largest premixed lean burn gas engine and simulation results. The author's previous work shows that a pre-ignition occurs in a smaller gas engine but can be prevented by keeping lean gas mixture condition with improving the gas mixing. From the point of scavenging and gas mixing process, the stable operating condition without pre-ignition as well as knocking in large gas engine is discussed with the sweep test of engine parameters; such as Lambda, scavenging port, exhaust valve timing, scavenging temperature, gas injection parameters etc. The residual gas effect is also discussed with 1D simulation results. Furthermore, the behavior of cylinder lubricating oil which effects on pre-ignition is provided by the advanced CFD simulation which can predict the evaporation and auto-ignition phenomena of cylinder lubricating oil. Finally, the reason for success in large gas engine operation with premixed lean burn concept is discussed.

该论文已在赫尔辛基举行的第28届CIMAC大会上发表，论文的版权归CIMAC所有。In this paper, the structural vibration of an 11.4MW-class generator mounted on a 173,000CBM membrane-type LNG vessel was investigated. The plant has a resiliently mounted diesel engine and rigidly mounted generator connected by a flexible coupling arrangement between the crankshaft and generator rotor. Component damage on generator was experienced and comprehensive vibration measurements were carried-out to identify the root cause of this incident. Acquired data were analyzed using the Engine and Vibration Monitoring System (EVAMOS) the vibration software. The actual structural vibration transmission and elastic support stiffness response were identified. The transmitted vibration on the engine having an elastic support was in vertical direction while the generator with a stiff mounting exhibited a longitudinal secondary vibration. Likewise, the effect of resonance on whirling vibration of generator rotor is presented on this paper. Proposed countermeasures are presented in this paper.

该论文已在赫尔辛基举行的第28届CIMAC大会上发表，论文的版权归CIMAC所有。Niigata Power Systems Co., Ltd. has provided products that meet the needs of the era in order to contribute to the development of society through the technology that was obtained in the diesel engine development over more than 100 years. In the marine field, Niigata supplies main engines and propulsion units and also peripheral systems. For the land, Niigata supplies stationary engines for regular and emergency use and also related plant equipment and our products are used by customers throughout the world. In recent years, the global environment has become increasing severe, and environmental problems have become an important issue throughout the world. In the midst of this situation, we developed environmentally friendly 4-stroke medium-speed diesel engine 28AHX as a marine main engine (reported at 26th CIMAC2010 Bergen). The 28AHX engine has high output, light and compact, and also good fuel consumption together with low emissions. This 28AHX series consists of 6, 8 and 9 cylinder in-line engines which cover an output range of between 2070 kW and 3330 kW. Since the release of this series, these engines have been adopted by many customers as the main engine of a supply boat together with the Z-Peller azimuth propulsion unit, and sales are steadily increasing.

该论文已在赫尔辛基举行的第28届CIMAC大会上发表，论文的版权归CIMAC所有。Recently, the diesel engines have been developed to meet the needs from the awareness of the importance of protecting the environment, such as low emission, low fuel consumption and eco-friendly engine, as well as compact and light weight engine design and great reliability for the operation. To achieve these wider requests from the market, the diesel engine development have to be applied in various simulation technologies, and investigated optimized design. In these situations, Niigata has developed and produced a lot of diesel engines for marine, power plant and rail car applications for long years. For modern high thermal efficiency engine, it is necessary to optimize the component design based on endurance and effective cooling technology to achieve a high performance and durability. Therefore, Niigata has promoted to improve simulation utilization for solving these complicated problems. At new engine development, Niigata has reasonably carried out simulation such as FEA (Finite Element Analysis) and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) to achieve shorten development period, compact and light weight engine design.

该论文已在赫尔辛基举行的第28届CIMAC大会上发表，论文的版权归CIMAC所有。Crosshead bearings in two-stroke diesel engines operate under severe lubrication conditions; they are subject to high specific loads and oscillate through a small angle at a low speed. Crosshead bearings have several axial oil grooves on the loaded surface to promote oil film exchange during bearing oscillation. However, because the development of a thick oil film by hydrodynamic action is impaired by these oil grooves, the bearings are prone to seizure and fatigue cracking. The continuing trend towards more powerful, more compact engines increases bearing specific loads and thereby makes crosshead bearing lubrication more difficult. This gives rise to a need for further enhancement of the load-carrying capacity of the crosshead bearings. In externally-pressurized bearings, the lubricating oil is supplied to two hydrostatic oil pockets at high pressure to hydrostatically lift the bearing from the crosshead pin. There is sparse literature about hydrostatic pocket design in crosshead bearings. Therefore, externally-pressurized, hydrostatically-lubricated crosshead bearings were designed and test bearings produced. Theoretical analysis and experimental studies using a dynamically-loaded bearing apparatus were conducted to relate the hydrostatic lift and hydrodynamic characteristics to the bearing design parameters.

该论文已在赫尔辛基举行的第28届CIMAC大会上发表，论文的版权归CIMAC所有。The marine industry faces new legislations on NOx emissions. The two options for MAN two -stroke engines to cope with this challenge are either adding a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) process in the exhaust line or an Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) circuit on the engine. The EGR setup together with the Alfa Laval Aalborg EGR-HPE effectively permits overall fuel saving in vessel operation on Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) and Tier III NOx compliance at the same time. A side benefit is a reduction in CO2 emissions affected by a total fuel savings due to a high steam production for service steam production and/or waste heat recovery steam turbine use. Alfa Laval has together with MAN developed a pressurized boiler that works in connection with an EGR system. An EGR system diverts up to 40% of the exhaust gases back into the engine, which reduces the heat available to the conventional waste heat recovery boiler. Adding an inline pressurized exhaust gas economizer upstream of the EGR system results in a significant increase of superheated steam temperature and steam flow so that a larger enthalpy drop potential can be utilized, thus power generation is enhanced. Alfa Laval has developed a self-cleaning boiler, the Alfa Laval Aalborg EGR-HPE that is able to cope with these extreme conditions.